Fibro-odontoma Ameloblástico: Revisión de la Literatura a Propósito de un Caso

El fibro-odontoma ameloblástico (FOA) es una neoplasia odontogénica benigna poco frecuente que afecta a los huesos maxilares. Posee un componente de tejido epitelial y ectomesénquima, por lo que hasta hace un tiempo era incluido dentro de la clasificación de tumores odontogénicos de origen mixto. Actualmente estas lesiones no están incorporadas en la última clasificación de los tumores odontogénicos y huesos maxilofaciales de la organización mundial de la salud y son consideradas como un odontoma en desarrollo. Clínicamente se presenta con mayor frecuencia en mandíbula y asociado a la falta de erupción de un diente. Presentamos el caso clínico de un niño de 6 años de edad que acudió a nuestro servicio maxilofacial por la no erupción de un diente temporal mandibular. El cuadro clínico y las investigaciones confirmaron la hipótesis diagnóstica de FOA con una impactación del segundo molar temporal inferior izquierdo hacia el margen basilar mandibular y el germen dentario del premolar por sobre la corona del diente retenido.

Ameloblastic fibro-odontoma (AFO) is a rare benign odontogenic neoplasm that affects the maxillary bones. It possesses both an epithelial and ectomesenchymal component, for which it was previously included in the classification of mixed odontogenic tumors. The AFO is currently not included in the latest classification of odontogenic and maxillofacial bone tumors, and is considered a developing odontoma. Clinically, it predominantly manifests in the mandible, in frequent association with the lack of eruption of a tooth. In this article, the authors present a case of a 6 year old boy with the query of an unerupted primary mandibular tooth. Both the clinical examination and the subsequent investigation confirmed the diagnostic hypothesis of an AFO with subsequent impaction of the primary left mandibular second molar, which was displaced against the base of the mandible, and the tooth germ for the left mandibular second premolar positionedover the crown of the retained tooth.

Complicaciones en la extracción de terceros molares mandibulares incluídos, retenidos e impactados. Revisión de la literatura / Complications in the extraction of impacted, and retained third molars. Literature Review

La literatura científica sostiene que los terceros molares muy a menudo son lo que contemplan varías complicaciones al momento del procedimiento quirúrgico, debido no solo a su erupción sino también a sus diferentes características que suceden como anatomía, forma, posición de su erupción, etc. Para ello el estudio complementario Integral antes de pasar al acto quirúrgico es la primera opción que se hace. Para que un correcto tratamiento post-quirúrgico sea efectivo tanto antibiótico farmacológico, biomateriales integrales, etc. Objetivo: Establecer por medio de una revisión de la literatura cuáles son las acciones o procedimientos quirúrgicos ejecutándose que pueden evitar las complicaciones más prevalentes en la extracción de terceros molares mandibulares incluídos, retenidos e impactados. Materiales y métodos: Se plantea un estudio de tipo descriptivo y de análisis respectivamente con 2 tipos de bases electrónicas: PubMed y SciELO tomando como sustentación artículos que contemplen meta-análisis, revisiones sistemáticas, revisiones literarias, etc. Resultados: Se confirmó que el mejor procedimiento ante quizás una posible: hemorragia, fracturas, laceraciones, etc. es el buen manejo quirúrgico farmacológico durante la cirugía y posterior a esta. Conclusión: Con esta revisión de la literatura se llega a la idea de que un correcto diagnóstico, manejo estricto farmacológico y el conocimiento de las complicaciones que pueden suscitarse durante y posterior en las extracciones dentales son acciones correctas que se utilizan muy comúnmente durante el procedimiento quirúrgico, lo que evita sus respectivas dificultades.

After the various articles compiled by different authors, is becomes clear that the third molars are very often what contemplate various complications at the time of the surgical procedure, due not only to their eruption but also to their different characteristics that occur such as anatomy, shape, position of its eruption, etc. For this reason, the comprehensive complementary study before proceeding to the surgical act is the first option that is made. For a correct post-surgical treatment to be effective both antibiotic-pharmacological, integral biomaterials, etc. Purpose: To establish through a review of the literatura which are the actions or surgical procedures being performed that can avoid the most prevalent complications in the extraction of included, retained and impacted mandibular third molars. Materials and methods: A descriptive and analytical study is proposed, respectively, with 2 types of electronic databases: PubMed and SciELO, taking as support articles that include meta-analyses, systematic reviews, literary reviews, etc. Results: It was confirmed that the best procedure for perhaps a possible one: hemorrhage, fractures, lacerations, etc. It is good pharmacological surgical management during and after surgery. Conclusion: With this review of the literature, the idea is reached that a correct diagnosis, strict pharmacological management and knowledge of the complications that can arise during and after dental extractions are correct actions that are very commonly used during the surgical procedure. , which avoids their respective difficulties.

Dentigerous Cyst in the Children: A Case Report

Introduction: Dentigerous cysts are the second most common developmental odontogenic cysts of the jaw, arising from im- pacted, embedded or unerupted permanent teeth. They apparently develop by accumulation of fluid between the reduced enamel epithelium and the tooth crown of an unerupted tooth. There is usually no pain or discomfort associated with the cyst unless there is an acute inflammatory exacerbation. Case Presentation: The purpose of this case report is to present a case of a dentigerous cyst with an unusual presentation in a 6-year-old child came with the swelling over right back region of the jaw which was asymptomatic appearing bony hard on palpation. Radiography showing unilocular radiolucency with an unerupted mandibular tooth crown is seen. Histology re- vealed H & E-stained section showing non keratinized epithelium 2-3 cell layer thick underlying connective tissue wall is loose fibrocellular with mild to moderate inflammatory cells infiltrate comprising of plasma cells, lymphocytes & numerous blood vessels and the definitive diagnosis of Dentigerous cyst was made. Management is done using enucleation of the cystic space with curettage & extraction of associated teeth. Conclusion: Management of odontogenic lesions, such as dentigerous cysts in children, presents an unparalleled challenge to general and pediatric dentists alike. A thorough understanding of the nature of the lesion backed by good clinical history and state-of-art radiography can go a long way in helping the clinician to arrive at the correct therapeutic choice of approach, ameliorate the condition in the best long-term interests of the young patient.

Directrices para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de Molares Retenidos / Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of impacted molars

Los terceros molares son piezas dentarias correspondientes a la dentición permanente y se encuentran por detrás de los segundos molares. Erupcionan entre los 18 y 27 años aproximadamente, tienen variedad de formas, anomalías y disposición diversa. Normalmente se encuentran total o parcialmente retenidos en el hueso maxilar. La retención es muy frecuente y afecta aproximadamente al 75% de la población. La causa principal es por la falta de espacio dentro de la boca. La patología derivada de la retención de un tercer molar puede generar diferentes alteraciones: abscesos, sinusitis, reabsorción de las raíces de los dientes adyacentes, caries del molar retenido y/o del segundo molar, úlceras en la mucosa contigua, podrían generar quistes, ameloblastomas y ulceraciones leucoqueratósicas que pueden degenerar en carcinomas, alteraciones nerviosas o vasomotoras: dolores faciales, trismus, y parálisis facial ipsilateral. Las extracciones profilácticas de terceros molares asintomáticos están justificadas cuando los terceros molares se encuentran bajo prótesis removible que puede estimular su erupción, molares semierupcionados que pueden generar pericoronitis, caries o problemas periodontales; pacientes que van a ser sometidos a radioterapia; cuando el diente incluido interfiera en una cirugía ortognática. Si el molar retenido presenta sintomatología por parte del paciente está aconsejada su extracción quirúrgica.

The third molars are dental pieces corresponding to the permanent dentition and are located behind the second molars. They erupt between the ages of 18 and 27 approximately, have a variety of shapes, anomalies, and diverse dispositions. They are normally fully or partially retained in the maxillary bone. Retention is very frequent and affects approximately 75% of the population. The main cause is due to the lack of space inside the mouth. The pathology derived from the retention of a third molar can generate different alterations: abscesses, sinusitis, resorption of the roots of adjacent teeth, caries of the retained molar and/or second molar, ulcers in the contiguous mucosa, could generate cysts, ameloblastomas and leukokeratotic ulcerations that can degenerate into carcinomas, nervous or vasomotor disorders: facial pain, trismus, and ipsilateral facial paralysis. Prophylactic extractions of asymptomatic third molars are justified when the third molars are under removable prosthesis that can stimulate their eruption, semi-erupted molars that can generate pericoronitis, caries or periodontal problems; patients who are going to undergo radiotherapy; when the included tooth interferes with orthognathic surgery. If the retained molar presents symptoms on the part of the patient, its surgical extraction is recommended.

Cleidocranial dysplasia and novel RUNX2 variants: dental, craniofacial, and osseous manifestations

Abstract Cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD) is a skeletal disorder affecting cranial sutures, teeth, and clavicles, and is associated with the RUNX2 mutations. Although numerous patients have been described, a direct genotype-phenotype correlation for RUNX2 has been difficult to establish. Further cases must be studied to understand the clinical and genetic spectra of CCD. Objectives To characterize detailed phenotypes and identify variants causing CCD in five unrelated patients and their family members. Methodology Clinical and radiographic examinations were performed. Genetic variants were identified by exome and Sanger sequencing, data were analyzed by bioinformatics tools. Results Three cases were sporadic and two were familial. Exome sequencing successfully detected the heterozygous pathogenic RUNX2 variants in all affected individuals. Three were novel, comprising a frameshift c.739delA (p.(Ser247Valfs*)) in exon 6 (Patient-1), a nonsense c.901C>T (p.(Gln301*)) in exon 7 (Patient-2 and affected mother), and a nonsense c.1081C>T (p.(Gln361*)) in exon 8 (Patient-3). Two previously reported variants were missense: the c.673C>T (p.(Arg225Trp)) (Patient-4) and c.674G>A (p.(Arg225Gln)) (Patient-5) in exon 5 within the Runt homology domain. Patient-1, Patient-2, and Patient-4 with permanent dentition had thirty, nineteen, and twenty unerupted teeth, respectively; whereas Patient-3 and Patient-5, with deciduous dentition, had normally developed teeth. All patients exhibited typical CCD features, but the following uncommon/unreported phenotypes were observed: left fourth ray brachymetatarsia (Patient-1), normal clavicles (Patient-2 and affected mother), phalangeal malformations (Patient-3), and normal primary dentition (Patient-3, Patient-5). Conclusions The study shows that exome sequencing is effective to detect mutation across ethnics. The two p.Arg225 variants confirm that the Runt homology domain is vital for RUNX2 function. Here, we report a new CCD feature, unilateral brachymetatarsia, and three novel truncating variants, expanding the phenotypic and genotypic spectra of RUNX2 , as well as show that the CCD patients can have normal deciduous teeth, but must be monitored for permanent teeth anomalies.

Prevalência das posições e grau de dificuldade cirúrgica de terceiros molares inferiores: um estudo radiográfico retrospectivo / Prevalence of positions and degree of surgical difficulty in lower third molars: a retrospective radiographic study

Objetivo: Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar a prevalência do posicionamento dos terceiros molares inferiores seguindo a classificação de Winter e Pell & Gregory, e determinar os níveis de dificuldade para a exodontia através do índice de Pederson. Materiais e Métodos: Estudo radiográfico, transversal e retrospectivo avaliou 100 radiografias panorâmicas provenientes dos prontuários odontológicos atendidos nos ambulatórios de Cirurgia bucal, de pacientes entre 15 e 61 anos de idade, no período de 2015 a 2017. As radiografias panorâmicas foram avaliadas por meio do software ImageJquanto aos posicionamentos dos terceiros molares inferiores pela classificação de Winter e Pell & Gregory, enquanto o nível de dificuldade foi avaliado pelo índice de Pederson. Os resultados obtidos foram submetidos à análise estatística descritiva. Resultados: A maior prevalência de terceiros molares inclusos foi observada em mulheres, com idade média de 26 anos. Quanto a posição dos dentes inclusos, a posições vertical (44,0%), nível A (74,7%) e classe III (69,9%) foram as mais prevalentes. Na escala de Pederson, a dificuldade cirúrgica "muito difícil" foi a mais encontrada. Discussão: nossos resultados sugerem estabelecer um melhor planejamento cirúrgico e prognóstico aos pacientes, minimizando a possibilidade de complicações durante e após as extrações de terceiros molares inferiores. Conclusão: Ambas classificações auxiliam o cirurgião-dentista a estabelecer um melhor planejamento e prognóstico aos pacientes. A aplicabilidade das radiografias panorâmicas, associados a avaliação clínica, justificam menores possibilidades de complicações pós-cirúrgicas em terceiro molar inferior.

Aim: The objectives of this study were to evaluate the prevalence of the mandibular third molars position in according to the Winter and Pell & Gregory classification, and to determine the levels of difficulty for exodontia through the Pederson index. Materials and Methods: Radiographic, cross-sectional and retrospective study evaluated 100 panoramic radiographs of patients between 15 and 61 years old, from dental records seen at the Oral Surgery department in the period from 2015 to 2017. The panoramic radiographs were evaluated using ImageJ software regarding the positioning of the lower third molars by the Winter and Pell & Gregory classification, while the level of difficulty was evaluated by the Pederson index. The results obtained were submitted to descriptive statistical analysis.Results: The highest prevalence of included third molars was observed in women, with an age average of 26 years. Regarding the position of the included teeth, the vertical position (44.0%), level A (74.7%), and class III (69.9%) were the most prevalent. In the Pederson scale, the "very difficult" surgical difficulty was the most found. Discussion: results suggest establishing better surgical planning and prognosis for patients, minimizing the possibility of complications during and after extractions of mandibular third molars.Conclusion: Both classifications help the dental surgeon to establish better planning and prognosis for patients. The applicability of panoramic radiographs, associated with clinical evaluation, justifies a fewer possibility of complications in the lower third molar post-extraction

Aplicabilidad del método de Moyers para la estimación del diámetro mesiodistal de caninos y premolares en pacientes de 12-18 años / Applicability of the Moyers method for the estimation of the mesiodistal diameter of canines and premolars in patients of 12-18 years old

Uno de los métodos más universales empleados para predecir el ancho mesiodistal de caninos y premolares no erupcionados es el diseñado por el Dr. Edison Moyers, quien tomando como referencia la población anglosajona creó tablas de percentiles para estimar dichos valores en maxilar y mandíbula. Durante la última década varios investigadores han descubierto que, al aplicarlo en diversas poblaciones, existen diferencias significativas entre las predicciones y los valores reales. En Cuba, el método de Moyers es muy utilizado al 50% de probabilidades para la predicción en ambos sexos, pero existen pocos reportes de estudios que validen su confiablidad y los que existen utilizan muestras pequeñas de pacientes. Es por ello por lo que el objetivo de esta investigación es determinar la aplicabilidad del método de Moyers al 50% de probabilidades para la estimación del diámetro mesiodistal de caninos y premolares en pacientes de 12-18 años. Se desarrolló un estudio descriptivo y transversal desde julio de 2019 hasta febrero de 2020 con una población de 125 pacientes, 62 del sexo femenino y 63 del masculino, de entre 12 y 18 años de Cuba. Se efectuaron las mediciones de los anchos mesiodistales de los incisivos inferiores, todos los caninos y premolares. Se realizaron distribuciones de frecuencia a las variables estudiadas y los resultados se presentaron en tablas estadísticas. Para comprobar la existencia de diferencias significativas se utilizó la prueba estadística t-Student. Los resultados principales obtenidos fueron que el método de Moyers tiende a subestimar los valores para el sexo femenino entre los 0,4-0,5 mm, y para el sexo masculino entre los 0,6-0,7 mm, siendo esta diferencia significativa para los hombres. Se concluye que el método de Moyers no puede ser aplicado en la población estudiada para la predicción del ancho mesiodistal de caninos y premolares

One of the most universal methods used to predict the mesiodistal width of non-erupted canines and premolars is the one designed by Dr. Edison Moyers, an American orthodontist who, taking the Anglo-Saxon population as a reference, created percentile tables to estimate these values in the maxilla and mandible. During the last decade, several researchers have discovered that, when applied to various populations, there are significant differences between predictions and actual values. In Cuba, it is widely used at a 50% probability for prediction in both sexes, but there are few reports of studies that validate its reliability and those that do exist use small samples of patients. For this reason, the objective of this research is to determine the applicability of the Moyers method at 50% probabilities for estimating the mesiodistal diameter of canines and premolars in patients 12-18 years of age. A descriptive and cross-sectional study was developed from July 2019 to February 2020 with a population of 125 patients, 62 females and 63 males, between 12 and 18 years old from Cuba. Measurements were made of the mesiodistal widths of the lower incisors, all the canines and premolars. Frequency distributions were made to the variables studied and the results were presented in statistical tables. To verify the existence of significant differences, the statistical t-Student test was used. The main results obtained were that the Moyers method tends to underestimate the values for the female sex between 0.4-0.5 mm, and for the male sex between 0.6 and 0.7 mm, this difference being significant for men. It is concluded that the Moyers method cannot be applied in the population studied for the prediction of the mesiodistal width of canines and premolars

Aplicabilidad del método Tanaka-Johnston para la estimación del diámetro mesiodistal de caninos y premolares en pacientes de 12-18 Años / Applicability of the Tanaka-Johnston method for the estimation of the mesiodistal diameter of canines and premolars in patients of 12-18 years old

El método Tanaka-Johnston es utilizado mundialmente para predecir el diámetro de caninos y premolares no erupcionados por la conveniencia de no necesitar tablas ni radiografías para su uso. Sin embargo, durante los últimos años investigadores de varios países han demostrado que al ser utilizado en una población diferente para la que fue diseñado, puede sobrestimar o subestimar los valores. En Cuba, donde el patrón facial de la población difiere del ideal para este método, ha sido muy empleado, pero prácticamente no existen estudios donde se valide la confiabilidad o exactitud de las predicciones de este. Por tanto, el objetivo de esta investigación es determinar la aplicabilidad del método Tanaka-Johnston para la estimación del diámetro mesiodistal de caninos y premolares en pacientes de 12-18 años. Se desarrolló un estudio descriptivo y transversal desde junio de 2019 hasta enero de 2020 con una población de 140 pacientes de ambos sexos de entre 12 y 18 años de Cuba. Se efectuaron las mediciones de los anchos mesiodistales de los incisivos inferiores, todos los caninos y premolares. Se realizaron distribuciones de frecuencia a las variables estudiadas y los resultados se presentaron en tablas estadísticas. Para comprobar la existencia de diferencias significativas se utilizó la prueba estadística t-Student. Los resultados principales obtenidos fueron que el método Tanaka-Johnston tiende a sobrestimar los valores para el sexo femenino y subestimarlos para el masculino, ambos entre los 0,2 y 0,3 mm, pero esta diferencia no resulta significativa. Se concluye que el método Tanaka-Johnston puede ser aplicado en la población estudiada para la predicción del ancho mesiodistal de caninos y premolares no erupcionados.

The Tanaka-Johnston method is used worldwide to predict the diameter of canines and premolars not erupted for the convenience of not needing boards or x-rays for use. However, in recent years researchers from several countries have shown that when used in a different population for which it was designed, it can overestimate or underestimate the values. In Cuba, where the facial pattern of the population differs from the ideal for this method, it has been highly used, but there are very few studies where the reliability or accuracy of the predictions of the same is validated. Therefore, the objective of this research is to determine the applicability of the Tanaka-Johnston method for estimating the mesiodistal diameter of canines and premolars in patients aged 12-18 years. A descriptive and cross-cutting study was conducted from June 2019 to January 2020 with a population of 140 patients of both sexes between 12 and 18 years of age from Cuba. Measurements were made of the mesiodistal widths of the lower incisors, all canines, and premolars. Frequency distributions were made to the variables studied and the results were presented in statistical tables. The t-Student statistical test was used to verify significant differences. The main results obtained were that the Tanaka-Johnston method tends to overestimate the values for the female sex and underestimate them for the male, both between 0,2 and 0,3 mm, but this difference is not significant. It is concluded that the Tanaka-Johnston method can be applied in the population studied for the prediction of the mesiodistal width of unerupted canines and premolars.

Ten reasons to not ignore the third molar

ABSTRACT Introduction: The third molars are forgotten because they are the last in the dental arch, they do not directly influence the smile and they appear only in adolescence, when they do. Objectives: 1) to provide the clinician with a "checklist" to assess and diagnose changes to be screened in the third molar region in new patients; 2) to reveal the importance of not discharging the patient submitted to any dental treatment without first analyzing the third molars region clinically and on imaging examinations, since many diseases are associated to them. Result: A list of 10 situations that cover all diagnostic possibilities involving the third molars is presented. Conclusion: Adopting this protocol is a matter of habit, since the need is fundamental. The next professional assisting your patient may ask: "Did he not request examinations for the third molars?".

RESUMO Introdução: Os terceiros molares são esquecidos por serem os últimos dentes na arcada dentária, por não influenciarem diretamente no sorriso e por aparecerem apenas na adolescência - quando aparecem. Objetivos: 1) Fornecer ao clínico um checklist de conferência e diagnóstico de alterações a serem checadas na região dos terceiros molares em novos pacientes; e 2) Destacar a importância de não dar alta ao paciente submetido a qualquer tratamento odontológico sem antes analisar, clínica e imagiologicamente, a região dos terceiros molares, pois muitas doenças estão a eles associadas. Resultado: Criou-se uma lista de 10 situações que englobam todas as possibilidades diagnósticas envolvendo os terceiros molares. Conclusão: Adotar esse protocolo é uma questão de hábito, pois a necessidade é imperiosa. O próximo profissional a atender o seu paciente vai perguntar: "Ele não solicitou exames para os terceiros molares?".

Caso raro de utilização da técnica de coronectomia em terceiro molar maxilar invertido / Rare case of the use of the coronectomy technique in third inverted maxillary molar

Dentes impactados são caracterizados pela falha na erupção dentro do tempo cronológico. O termo ''dente invertido'' se refere ao mau posicionamento do dente, caracterizando-se pelo dente na direção contrária à usual. A inversão de dente impactado é considerada um fenômeno raro. Em casos mais complexos de impacção dentária, há a necessidade de um tratamento conservador, específico e procura-se prevenir possíveis danos às estruturas anatômicas adjacentes. Por essa razão, a técnica cirúrgica denominada coronectomia, também conhecida como odontectomia parcial intencional, tem, em alguns casos, indicação de uso, pois realiza-se a exérese da porção coronária do dente, sepultando as suas raízes, quando estas se encontram em contato com estruturas nobres. Dessa forma, este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar um caso raro da utilização da técnica de coronectomia para um terceiro molar superior invertido em paciente do sexo feminino, 26 anos, que compareceu ao serviço de Cirurgia Buco-Maxilo-Facial apresentando um terceiro molar superior, assintomático, impactado em posição invertida no lado esquerdo. Ao exame tomográfico, apresentou íntimo contato do dente 28 com as raízes do 27. A porção coronária se encontrava em posição superior, em direção a parte posterior do seio maxilar. A técnica da coronectomia foi escolhida como planejamento cirúrgico, a fim de proteger o dente 27 das possíveis consequências traumáticas que a luxação e extração completa do dente 28 poderia ocasionar. O acompanhamento clínico demonstrou que a técnica foi bem indicada, com evolução de neoformação óssea completa na região da coroa removida e o dente adjacente com vitalidade e em função mastigatória(AU)

Impacted teeth are characterized by eruption failure within chronological time. The term 'inverted tooth' refers to the mispositioning of the tooth, characterized by the tooth in the opposite direction to the usual one. Impacted tooth inversion is considered a rare phenomenon. In more complex cases of dental impaction, there is a need for conservative and specific treatment, and attempts are made to prevent possible damage to adjacent anatomical structures. For this reason, the surgical technique called coronectomy, also known as intentional partial odontectomy, has, in some cases, indication of use, where the coronary portion of the tooth is excised, burying its roots when they are in contact with noble structures. Thus, this paper aims to present a rare case of the use of the inverted upper third molar coronectomy technique in a 26-year-old female patient, who attended the Buccomaxillofacial Surgery Service presenting a superior third molar, asymptomatic, impacted in inverted position on the left side. At tomographic examination, the patient presented close contact of tooth #16 with the roots of tooth #15. The coronary portion was in the superior position, towards the posterior part of the maxillary sinus. The coronectomy technique has been chosen as a surgical planning in order to protect tooth #15 from the possible traumatic consequences that dislocation and complete extraction of tooth #16 could cause. Clinical follow-up showed that the technique was successfully indicated, with complete bone neoformation in the removed crown area and the adjacent tooth with vitality and masticatory function(AU)

Impacted teeth: Their place is in the dental arch

ABSTRACT The starting point for the treatment of unerupted teeth should consider the fact that, biologically, the pericoronal follicle maintains the ability to release EGF and other mediators responsible for eruption over time. The eruptive events may be guided and directed, so that teeth may occupy the space prepared to receive them in the dental arch, as showed in the case presented to evidence the following principle to be considered in these cases: "Regardless of the position of an unerupted tooth, it may be biologically directed to its place in the dental arch. The orthodontist should apply a mechanics to guide it and park it at its site."

RESUMO Os dentes não irrompidos devem ter como ponto de partida, para seu tratamento, o fato de que biologicamente o folículo pericoronário mantém ao longo do tempo a capacidade de liberar o EGF e outros mediadores responsáveis pela erupção. Pode-se guiar e direcionar os eventos eruptivos para que os dentes ocupem o seu espaço preparado para recebê-los na arcada dentária, como revela o caso apresentado para sedimentar o seguinte princípio a ser considerado para esses casos: "Independentemente da posição que um dente não irrompido se apresente, há como, biologicamente, direcioná-lo para o seu local na arcada dentária. Cabe ao ortodontista aplicar uma mecânica que o leve até o local e lá o estacione."

Exodontia de pré-molar incluso em íntimo contato com o nervo mentoniano: relato de caso / Unerupted premolar extraction in close contact with the mental nerve: case report

Ocasionalmente, as unidades dentárias sofrem alterações em sua região de desenvolvimento natural, impossibilitando a erupção ou irrompimento em posições funcionais. Objetivo: O presente trabalho tem como objetivo relatar o procedimento ambulatorial de exodontia de pré-molar impactado em íntimo contato com o nervo mentual, observando os riscos presentes. Relato de Caso: Paciente do gênero feminino, faioderma, 30 anos de idade, procurou o serviço de Cirurgia e Traumatologia Bucomaxilofacial da OSID/UFBA para exodontia da unidade 35 inclusa, com finalidade ortodôntica, após insucesso de tracionamento prévio. O plano de tratamento incluiu exodontia do elemento 35 sob anestesia local. No pós-operatório de sete dias, foi referida presença de hipoestesiaemregião de mento e lábioesquerdo, sendo esta sintomatologia ausente após o vigésimo primeiro dia de acompanhamento. No momento, em acompanhamento de 04 meses de pós-operatório, a paciente encontra-se sem sinais e sintomas de hipoestesia em hemiface afetada, bem como retorno ao tratamento ortodôntico. Conclusão: A técnica cirúrgica minimamente invasiva é imprescindível para obtenção de bons resultados com o mínimo de repercussão para o paciente, ainda que o trauma cirúrgico devido ao afastamento do nervo mentoniano possa provocar alteração de sensibilidade pós-operatória temporária. Este caso pode contribuir para a literatura mínima disponível sobre os segundos pré-molares impactados, oferecendo uma opção de abordagem em seu plano de tratamento, de forma a evitar lesões ao nervo mentoniano e persistência de hipoestesia no pós-operatório(AU)

Occasionally, dental units undergo changes in their region of natural development, making it impossible to erupt in functional positions. Objective: The present study aims to report the outpatient procedure of impacted premolar extraction in close contact with the mental nerve, observing the present risks. Case Report: Female patient, faioderm, 30 years old, sought the Service of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery of OSID/UFBA for extraction of included unit 35, with orthodontic purpose, after failure of previous orthodontic traction. Conclusion: The minimally invasive surgical technique is essential to obtain good results with minimal repercussion for the patient, although the surgical trauma due to the separation of mental nerve may cause a change in the temporary postoperative sensitivity. This case may contribute to the minimal literature available about impacted second premolars, offering an option of approach in its treatment plan, in order to avoid lesions to the mental nerve and persistence of postoperative hypoesthesia(AU)

Guiding Un-Erupted Maxillary Incisors into Occlusion Using Diode Laser: A Report of Two Cases

Un-erupted maxillary incisors can have a major impact on dental and facial aesthetics and when they don’t erupt at the expected time it is prudent for the clinician to determine the etiology and formulate an appropriate treatment plan. Lasers such as the argon, diode, Nd: YAG, CO2 and erbium have enabled dentists to reduce patient stress and fear during dental treatment and hence lasers represent a phenomenal change in pediatric dentistry. This article provides an overview of the diode laser in guiding the un-erupted upper incisors into occlusion in mixed dentition.

Fratura de mandíbula associada à transmigração de canino / Mandibular fracture associated to canine transmigration

Introdução: Apesar de ser considerado um assunto controverso, o tratamento de fraturas mandibulares, que envolvem terceiros molares inclusos, já se afigura como uma temática amplamente debatida na literatura. Por outro lado, poucos estudos discutem o manejo das fraturas em região de dentes inclusos anteriores8 . Nesse sentido, o presente estudo visa relatar um caso de fratura associada a um canino transmigrado em parassínfise mandibular. Relato de caso: Paciente A.S.S., sexo masculino, 43 anos e 6 meses de idade, apresentou-se à emergência do Hospital Geral do Estado da Bahia, com histórico de acidente motociclístico cursando com trauma em face. O exame de imagem constatou fratura em parassínfise mandibular bilateral, associada ao deslocamento de canino previamente impactado. Optou-se pela remoção do dente envolvido, redução e fixação óssea com miniplacas e Barra de Erich. O acompanhamento pósoperatório revelou estabilidade da mandíbula e regressão dos sinais e sintomas pré-traumáticos. Considerações finais: Ao tratar fraturas mandibulares que envolvem dentes inclusos, deve-se ponderar acerca da remoção ou manutenção desse dente. Para tanto, o cirurgião deve avaliar o grau de comprometimento da unidade dentária bem como sua importância para redução e fixação ósseas... (AU)

Introduction: Despite being a controversial subject, the treatment of mandibular fractures involving the included third molars is already a widely debated topic in the literature. On the other hand, few studies discuss the management of fractures in the region of anterior included teeth8. In this sense, the present study aims to report a case of fracture associated with a transmigrated canine in the mandibular parasphysis. Case report: Patient A.S.S., male, 46 years and 6 months old, presented to the emergency of the State General Hospital of Bahia, with a history of motorcycle accidents, coursing facial trauma. The image examination revealed bilateral mandibular parashymphisis fracture, associated with the displacement of a previously impacted canine. It was decided for removal of the involved tooth, reduction and bone fixation with miniplates and Erich Bar. Postoperative follow-up revealed jaw stability and regression of post-traumatic signs and symptoms. Final considarations: When treating mandibular fractures involving included teeth, consideration should be given to the removal or maintenance of this tooth. Therefore, the surgeon should assess the degree of impairment of the dental unit as well as its importance for bone reduction and fixation... (AU)

A mixed radiopaque – radiolucent lesion in the anterior mandible associated with multiple impacted teeth: A radiodiagnostic challenge?

Desmoplastic ameloblastoma (DA) exhibits important differences in gender, anatomic distribution, radiographic findings, and histologic appearance compared to other types of ameloblastoma. Radiologically, DA is seen either as ill-defined mass containing osteolytic and sclerotic areas or as multifocal radiodense flecks within radiolucent background resembling a honeycomb. The radiographic differential diagnosis includes fibro-osseous lesions such as cemento-ossifying fibroma, fibrous dysplasia, calcifying odontogenic cyst, and chronic sclerosing osteomyelitis. Thus, DA should primarily be included in the differential diagnosis of a mixed radiopaque-radiolucent lesion with diffuse borders in the anterior premolar region of the jaws. This report adds to the literature of mixed radiolucent-radiopaque lesions which may not always be histopathologically diagnosed as a fibro-osseous lesion but could turn out to be a DA. This report also benefits the dental community by cautioning them to be aware of DA that can be associated with multiple unerupted teeth which is quite a rare finding.

Da necessidade e oportunidade da exodontia: relato de caso de incisivo superior retido / The necessity and opportunity of the exodontia: case report of upper incisor retained

A evolução dos materiais e técnicas na Odontologia Contemporânea aperfeiçoou as possibilidades terapêuticas assim como os meios de diagnóstico por imagem. Utilizar meios complementares aos exames clínicos colabora para uma maior previsibilidade de tratamento, com menor morbidade para o paciente e maior segurança na localização anatômica de estruturas nobres. A segurança cirúrgica está centrada no binômio mínima invasão dos tecidos e confiança interventiva, com evidentes benefícios durante a anestesia/diérese, a hemostasia, bem como a síntese. Planejar adequadamente possibilita prever riscos e ponderar eventuais sequelas que possam surgir durante e após o ato operatório. Mesmo que a desejável correção ortodôntica e a imediata instalação de fixações não sejam possíveis, aguardar a oportunidade ideal de reabilitação e a necessidade de intervenções posteriores requerem uma curva de aprendizagem que denota paciência e meticulosidade. Variáveis como dentes retidos, lesões intraósseas, falta de espaço na arcada dentária, proximidade com vasos sanguíneos e nervos, entre outras; constituem empecilhos comumente encontrados na clínica diária. O objetivo deste trabalho foi ilustrar um caso clínico cuja remoção de um incisivo superior retido melhorou a condição oclusal do paciente, para que pudesse ser submetido, posteriormente, a uma correção ortodôntica para ganho de espaço e aposição de fixação osseointegrada em área estética.

The evolution of materials and techniques in Contemporary Dentistry has improved the therapeutic possibilities as well as diagnostic imaging means. Using complementary means to the clinical exams contributes to a greater predictability of treatment, with lower morbidity for the patient and greater safety in the anatomical location of noble structures. Surgical safety is centered on the binomial minimal invasion tissues and interventional confidence, with obvious benefits during anesthesia/dieresis, hemostasis; as well as the synthesis. Adequate planning makes it possible to predict risks and to consider possible sequelae that may arise during and after surgery. Even if the desired orthodontic orrection and the immediate implant placement are not possible, waiting for the ideal rehabilitation opportunity and the need for subsequent interventions requires a learning curve that denotes patience and meticulousness. Variables such as: retained teeth, intraosseous lesions, lack of space in the dental arch, proximity to blood vessels and nerves, among others, are commonly encountered in the daily clinic. The aim of this study was to illustrate a clinical case whose removal of an unerupted superior incisor improved the patient's occlusal condition. For this reason, it could be submitted to an orthodontic correction to gain space and osseointegrated implant placement in aesthetic area

Why canines induce resorption of neighboring roots? An imaging correlation

ABSTRACT Despite the explanations about the mechanisms and reasons why dental follicles of unerupted maxillary canines do not cause root resorption in neighboring teeth, questions remain about the time expected for this event and the lack of protocols for preventive clinical management, which may serve as insights for further studies. Here, these mechanisms are correlated with imaging findings of CT scans and 3D reconstructions of a typical clinical case.

RESUMO Apesar das explicações dos mecanismos e dos porquês os folículos pericoronários dos caninos superiores não irrompidos podem reabsorver as raízes dos dentes vizinhos, questiona-se a inexistência de previsibilidade do tempo em que isso ocorre e a ausência de protocolos de condutas clínicas preventivas, como insights para novas pesquisas. Correlaciona-se, também, esses mecanismos com os aspectos imaginológicos de cortes tomográficos e reconstruções 3D de um caso clínico característico.

Intervenção cirúrgica de um canino incluso em sínfise mandibular: relato de caso / Surgical intervention of an unerupted canine in mandibular sinfisis: case report

Objetivo: relatar um caso de exodontia do dente 43, incluso, na região do mento, com o auxílio de um exame complementar eficaz e de baixo custo: radiografia lateral de mandíbula utilizando filme oclusal. Relato de caso: paciente do gênero masculino, 26 anos de idade, melanoderma e normossistêmico, buscou tratamento ortodôntico por motivos de apinhamento dental anterior e presença do dente 83 (canino inferior decíduo) não esfoliado. Para um planejamento cirúrgico correto, foi realizada a radiografia lateral do mento com filme oclusal, em que se constatou que o dente 43 encontrava-se por vestibular em relação aos dentes anteriores inferiores. Assim, o paciente foi submetido à cirurgia sob anestesia local, para exodontia do dente 43. Considerações finais: o tratamento para transmigração de caninos inferiores deve incluir minuciosos planejamentos clínico e radiográfico. O tratamento sugerido para a grande maioria dos casos é a remoção cirúrgica, devido à possibilidade de falhas dos outros meios de tratamento, ocasionando complicações posteriores. (AU)

Objective: this paper aims to describe and discuss a surgical removal of canine included in the chin region with the aid of an effective and low-cost complementary exam: lateral radiographic of the mandible using the occlusal film. Case report: a male patient, 26 years old, without systemic diseases sought orthodontic treatment due to anterior crowding and presence of an unerupted tooth 83. In order to perform a correct surgical planning, the lateral radiograph of the occlusal film was performed, where it was found that the tooth 43 was in vestibular position in relation to the lower anterior teeth. Thus, the patient underwent surgery under local anesthesia for tooth extraction. Final considerations: the treatment for transmigration of lower canines should include careful clinical and radiographic planning. The suggested treatment for the vast majority of cases is surgical removal due to the possibility of failure of the other means of treatment, causing subsequent complications. (AU)

Quiste dentígero en tercer molar mandibular en posición invertida / Dentigerous cyst in an inverted mandibular third molar

Introducción: la erupción es un proceso complejo y, debido a esto pueden aparecer fallas en él. Objetivo: presentar un caso clínico de un quiste dentígero en un tercer molar mandibular invertido. Caso clínico: paciente masculino de 36 años de edad, quien refiere haber asistido a una clínica estomatológica por molestias en la región mandibular derecha y que al realizársele una ortopantomografía, se detecta la presencia del 48 retenido, por lo que es remitido. Al examen físico bucal se detecta ausencia clínica del 48 con expansión de la tabla vertibular en la zona. Al observarse la ortopantomografía se aprecia en la zona de molares derechos reabsorción radicular en el 47, con 48 en posición invertida y una imagen radiolúcida de límites bien definidos en relación con la corona del 48. Se realiza, bajo anestesia local, la exéresis del 47, 48 y la lesión responsable de la imagen radiolúcida mandibular mediante curetaje. Se indica el estudio histopatológico de la lesión, que indica la presencia de un quiste dentígero. El paciente mostró buena evolución posoperatoria. Conclusiones: lo inusual de la presencia de un quiste dentígero, como complicación de la retención dentaria, en un tercer molar mandibular invertido, permitió valerse de los beneficios de estudios imaginológicos digitales y del método clínico para crear un plan de tratamiento que desencadenó en la exéresis exitosa, sin complicaciones transoperatorias, de los dientes y la lesión asociada(AU)

Introduction: tooth eruption is a complex process and due to this complexity flaws may appear in it. Objective: present a clinical case of a dentigerous cyst in an inverted mandibular third molar. Clinical case: a male 36-year-old patient reports having visited a dental clinic for discomfort in the right mandibular region. Orthopantomography was indicated which revealed that tooth 48 was retained; the patient was therefore referred. Clinical oral examination detected the absence of tooth 48 and an expanded vestibular table in the area. The orthopantomograph showed root resorption of tooth 47 in the area of the right molars, with 48 in an inverted position and a radiolucent image of clear-cut boundaries in relation to the crown of 48. Exeresis of 47 and 48 was performed under local anesthesia, and the lesion responsible for the mandibular radiolucent image was removed by curettage. Histopathological examination of the lesion was indicated, revealing the presence of a dentigerous cyst. Postoperative evolution was satisfactory. Conclusions: the infrequent presence of a dentigerous cyst as a complication of dental retention in an inverted mandibular third molar prompted the use of the benefits offered by digital imaging studies and the clinical method to develop a treatment plan leading to successful exeresis of the teeth involved and the associated lesion, without any perioperative complications(AU)

Association between imaging and clinical findings in mandibular third molar surgeries

Objective: it is important to evaluate the position andestablish the third molar relationship with the mandibularcanal to minimize the risk of nerve injury and assistin planning the extraction of this tooth. The panoramicradiograph is the standard diagnostic tool for this purpose.However, if it indicates a close relationship betweenthe third molar and the mandibular canal, furtherinvestigation using cone beam computed tomography(CBCT) may be recommended to check the three-dimensionalrelationship between the tooth and the mandibularcanal. Thus, this study aimed to correlate the clinicalfindings (observed in third molar surgeries) to imagingfindings (observed in panoramic radiographs andCBCT). Subjects and method: after the extraction of 20mandibular third molars, the panoramic radiograph andthe cone beam computed tomography were analyzed.Then, the surgical findings were correlated to the imagefindings. Results: It was observed that the radiographicfinding type 2 (darkening of roots) observed in the panoramicradiograph presented a greater relation to theabsence of cortical bone between the mandibular canaland the third molar (CBCT finding), with statistical significance(p<0.05). Conclusions: Based on the findingsobtained in this study, it may be concluded that CBCTwould be best used in the surgical planning, when thepanoramic radiograph clearly suggests a risk. Moreover,the panoramic radiograph may continue to be used forthe planning of third molar extractions.